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EDF Aiming For 70-Month Construction Target For New EPR2 Nuclear Plants

Schedule would see huge reduction from much-delayed Flamanville-3 project

By Nigel Davies • 15 October 2026
French state utility and nuclear plant operator EDF says optimisation work
is continuing as it aims to meet a 70-month construction time for its new
generation of EPR2 nuclear power plants. In an update posted by French
nuclear society Sfen, EDF said it was still working on a number of key
projects to optimise the EPR2 construction schedule and make the target
possible. France’s most recent commercial reactor project, the
Flamanville-3 EPR, was hit by years of delays and cost overruns and took 17
years from the start of construction to operation.

Nucnet 15th Oct 2025,
https://www.nucnet.org/news/edf-aiming-for-70-month-construction-target-for-new-epr2-nuclear-plants-10-4-2026

October 21, 2026 Posted by | France, politics | Leave a comment

French submarine fires new nuclear weapon

France has fired its latest submarine-launched ballistic missile for the first time from the boat Le Vigilant, with President Emmanuel Macron watching from the deck of a frigate, the president stated in a post published after the launch.

UK Defence Journal 6th Oct 2026,
https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/french-submarine-fires-new-nuclear-weapon/

Writing in French from aboard the multi-mission frigate Auvergne, Mr Macron said: “Aboard the multi-mission frigate Auvergne, I witnessed the first firing of the new M51.3 ballistic missile from the nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine Le Vigilant. Very few nations possess such expertise.”

He thanked the defence procurement agency DGA, the Atomic Energy Commission, ArianeGroup, Naval Group and the French Navy, and said: “This technical success is a new demonstration of the credibility of our deterrence, whose sustainability is assured. To be free, one must be feared. And to be feared, one must be powerful.”

The missile was launched off Finistère in western Brittany without a nuclear warhead fitted, and flew to a designated impact area in the North Atlantic several hundred kilometres from any coastline. France has described the trial as validating the operational capability of Le Vigilant’s strategic weapon system after a long refit, and the boat has recently emerged from the major overhaul the French call an IPER before returning to the deterrent patrol cycle.

The M51.3 is the third operational version of the missile, which was declared in service last October with improved range, accuracy and penetration performance over the preceding M51.2, and carrying the newer TNO warhead. ArianeGroup builds the family, which entered service in 2010, and the missiles arm the four boats of the Triomphant class. A further version, the M51.4, was contracted to the same company in August last year and is expected during the next decade, alongside the third-generation submarines that will replace the current fleet.

Published range figures for the M51 run to somewhere between 8,000 and 10,000 kilometres, though France does not confirm them and the real figure is classified.

Mr Macron set the firing against his own record on defence spending, saying he had launched the renewal of French capabilities in 2017 and that the armed forces budget will have doubled over ten years. He added that the programme for hypersonic and manoeuvring strategic missiles that will arm the airborne component of the deterrent was launched this year, a reference to the weapon intended to succeed the ASMP-A carried by Rafale squadrons.

France designs, builds and owns every element of its deterrent, from the warhead through the missile to the boat, whereas the Royal Navy draws its Trident II D5 missiles from a common pool held at King’s Bay in Georgia.

The two countries are also closer on nuclear matters than they have been at any point since the war. Under the Northwood Declaration signed last year, Britain and France agreed to coordinate their deterrents and stated that there is no extreme threat to Europe that would not prompt a response by both, which was the first time either had said so in those terms.

Mr Macron closed by saying that French nuclear deterrence “protects us and will continue to protect us”.

October 14, 2026 Posted by | France, weapons and war | Leave a comment

Why the world’s top nuclear nation is sitting out the hype on small reactors

Despite hype and investment, the commercial record of SMRs remains thin, with only two reactors operational globally.

France’s caution about SMRs should raise flags for policymakers and nuclear organizations contemplating these reactors elsewhere

By AnnaJulia Yates, Allison Macfarlane, Alexander Wimmers | Analysis | September 25, 2026, https://thebulletin.org/2026/09/why-the-worlds-top-nuclear-nation-is-sitting-out-the-hype-on-small-reactors/?utm_source=ActiveCampaign&utm_medium=email&utm_content=The%20top%20nuclear%20nation%20sitting%20out%20the%20SMR%20hype&utm_campaign=20260928%20Monday%20Newsletter

Many countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Sweden, are gripped by a frenzy of enthusiasm for small modular reactors (SMRs). But France does not buy into the hype. Despite remaining staunchly pro-nuclear, with the world’s largest share of electricity generation from nuclear reactors at nearly 70 percent, France gives SMRs only limited, conditional support, treating them as what they are: emerging technologies whose promised advantages have yet to be demonstrated at a commercial scale.

Varied enthusiasm for SMRs across countries may result from national industrial organization and history. The decentralized US power sector, for example, encourages private development of competing energy innovations, compounded by over-budget and delayed large reactor projects that have made SMRs seemingly more attractive. Conversely, France’s state-led nuclear program, with its established supply chain and nuclear infrastructure, has focused on large, standardized reactor builds. However, these differences between France and the United States should not be overstated; in Sweden, state-owned utility Vattenfall is pushing for SMRs, and in the United Kingdom, the government is providing substantial support to development and potential deployment of SMRs.

But all countries face common fundamental problems with ageing fleets and issues bringing new reactors online. Average reactor ages are 39 years in France and the United Kingdom, and 44 years in the United States and Sweden. France’s most recent Flamanville 3 reactor took two decades to build, and at 6 times its original cost; Hinkley Point C in the United Kingdom has been repeatedly delayed at ballooning cost to consumers, and the most recent US newbuild projects resulted in the vendor’s bankruptcy.

France’s centralized system does not insulate it from the challenges SMRs claim to solve, making its cautious approach a noteworthy contrast to other countries’ rush towards SMRs. It serves as a reminder that though technologies provide easy political hype, they must prove safety, economic viability, and a clear advantage over existing low-carbon energy alternatives before major investment is justified.

A difficult start. Small modular reactors are promoted as a way out of nuclear power’s most persistent problems of massive upfront capital requirements, cost overruns, and construction delays. Developers and pro-SMR governments promise that smaller, modularized designs will be cheaper to finance, easier to manufacture, and faster to build—among other announced benefits.

The most obvious difference between SMRs and their larger counterparts is scale: The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) defines an SMR as a reactor producing up to 300 megawatts of electricity—less than one third of what third-generation large reactors typically produce. The OECD’s Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) currently lists 127 SMR designs worldwide at various development stages.

Despite hype and investment, the commercial record of SMRs remains thin, with only two reactors operational globally.

China connected its high-temperature gas-cooled SMR (called HTR-PM) to the grid in 2021. Russia’s Akademik Lomonosov, a floating plant comprised of two pressurized water SMRs (KLT-40S), has powered the remote Arctic town of Pevek since 2019. In addition to these two reactors, only four demonstration projects are currently preparing or have started construction: GE-Hitachi’s BWRX-300 in Ontario, Canada, Kairos Power’s Hermes reactor in Tennessee, TerraPower’s Natrium project in Wyoming, and China National Nuclear Corporation’s Linglong One in Hainan, China.

These projects do not prove the broader SMR case of efficient deployment: So far, most have faced delays, and the operating record is sparse. Available data from existing reactors show disappointing annual load factors below 21 percent for the Chinese HTR-PM in 2024 and around 30 percent on average for the Russian floating reactor. (The load factor, or capacity factor, is a measure of reactor performance that reflects the actual electrical energy produced over a specific period compared to the maximum possible energy it would produce if it ran continuously at its reference design power. According to the IAEA, in 2023, the median load factor of all commercial power reactors worldwide was 88 percent.) A clearer sense of SMR cost, safety, and waste production will only emerge once more actual operational experience is gathered.

Another problem is the heterogeneity of proposed modular reactor designs, which creates uncertain safety criteria, yet-to-be-established supply chains, and novel waste streams. This mixed bag will further complicate—and slow down—SMR deployment by increasing regulatory, technical, and economic uncertainty.

Large reactors ‘avant tout.’ France relies on nuclear power for nearly 70 percent of its electricity generation. With the addition of the 1650-megawatt-electric Flamanville 3 EPR reactor, which was connected to the grid in 2024, the country now has 57 operable reactors. All of these are pressurized water reactors, with an average output capacity of around 1000 megawatts-electric.

France’s first commercial SMR project, named NUWARD, began in 2017, when state-owned electric utility EDF partnered with the French Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) and two companies in which the French state owns major stakes: Naval Group and TechnicAtome. The initial concept promised a novel plant design consisting of two 170-megawatt-electric modules that would “serve the global market with a competitive solution in the late 2020s.” But in 2024, NUWARD abandoned that design due to technical and market-viability issues, deciding instead to “pivot its SMR product strategy” toward “a design based on proven technology bricks only.” EDF later announced that the new design would be a much larger reactor whose 400 megawatt-electric capacity exceeds the traditional 300 megawatt-electric cutoff for SMRs.

The only other significant French SMR initiative was launched under President Emmanuel Macron’s 2030 investment plan. Published in 2021, the plan includes €129.8 million in state support for 11 advanced nuclear projects, some of which are SMRs. But this support remains conditional and relatively restrained: Participants will have to complete the standard licensing protocol to ensure technical and safety credibility and continually convince the state of their projects’ economic viability before accessing future rounds of funding.

One reason for France’s cautious approach to SMRs is that it already has a well-defined, centralized, and standardized nuclear program, supported by decades of investment. The French government is directly involved in setting national energy priorities, tasking EDF with constructing and “frenchifying” US-designed large pressurized water reactors and refining each successive reactor generation, ultimately standardizing its nuclear fleet.

The clearest expression of this strategy is France’s prioritization of the large EPR2 reactor—a modernized version of the EPR reactor now operating in France, Finland, and China—over SMRs. In 2020, Nuclear Intelligence Weekly reported that EDF “remains almost exclusively focused on developing a more economic version of the EPR”, and focused worker capacity towards the EPR2 with “as many as 1000 engineers involved” in the project versus only “10 to 15” on NUWARD development.

President Macron made this priority explicit: In 2022, he announced plans to build six new EPR2 units once the design is ready, giving large reactors a defined place in the future French nuclear fleet that SMRs have yet to receive. Although the EPR2 design remains conceptual and the first operating reactors are not expected before 2040, Macron’s announcement and EDF’s staffing choices suggest that SMRs remain secondary to France’s long-held strategy of building large reactors.

Skepticism of SMRs. Beyond caution, diverse actors inside the French nuclear establishment have raised concerns about SMRs.

French nuclear safety authorities, for instance, have been vocal about the feasibility and the safety issues of certain SMR approaches. In 2021, the French nuclear regulator ASNR warned that many SMR designs rely on innovative solutions whose “feasibility and efficiency are yet to be demonstrated.” A 2023 parliamentary assessment raised similar concerns, noting that SMR projects show “varying maturities” and that “important research and development efforts remain to be done” for some technologies, including molten-salt, lead-cooled, sodium-cooled, and high-temperature SMRs. In May, the French regulator added that proposed SMR deployment near industrial or densely populated areas would require adapted safety objectives.

France’s major energy union FNME-CGT has been equally critical of the private governance of SMR development. The organization argues that the public interest, which the nuclear energy sector ought to cater to, is at odds with the short-term interests of private start-up companies. In a scathing response to one of the selected projects in the 2030 reactor investment program, the union wrote: “the [SMR] project … is the work of a ‘start-up’ whose shareholding is, to say the least, capitalist, and raises technical and environmental questions.” The union reiterated that advanced reactor projects ought not to be handed to private companies, and “even less so” to start-ups, while voicing concerns about the environmental, territorial, labor, security, and budget risks of advanced reactor programs.

Yves Bréchet, a former High-Commissioner for Atomic Energy of France, has offered a broader warning about the political logic driving SMR enthusiasm. Testifying before the Belgian parliament in 2023, he cautioned: “SMRs must not become a pretext for dispersing resources in pursuit of political optics.” His concern was that government funding for SMRs may be more in pursuit of press releases about technological ambition and international competitiveness than concrete potential. Any decision to pursue them, Bréchet continued, must come from a “thorough scientific and technical review” by an expert body, not from “arbitrary [political] decision.”

Lessons for SMR advocates. France’s caution about SMRs should raise flags for policymakers and nuclear organizations contemplating these reactors elsewhere. The country’s prioritization of large reactors and the skepticism voiced by some French experts point to a clear lesson for countries considering them.

Reactor programs should not be based on hype or political spectacle: A privatized, start-up-led, and lightly regulated approach may generate momentum and attract investors, but it cannot be a substitute for technically credible proof that a reactor is safe, economical, and able to withstand institutional scrutiny. Any policy decision to champion SMR development must be justified by evidence that they are not only technically, commercially, and politically viable, but also necessary: able to address a demonstrated energy need better than traditional large reactors or other available alternatives, like renewables, on time and aligned with societal and environmental objectives. Especially given limited budgets and workforce capacity, governments cannot afford to chase every potentially promising design at once. SMRs cannot be immune to these constraints.

Betting on SMRs will mean choosing to allocate engineers, regulators, public money, and political attention away from other energy options that can deliver low-carbon energy now instead of sometime in an uncertain future. Enthusiasm and innovation alone cannot outweigh the need for concrete evidence for SMRs.

October 1, 2026 Posted by | France, Small Modular Nuclear Reactors | Leave a comment

France’s EDF plans 10 small nuclear plants in Europe by 2035

the entire project would require “tens of billions” of euros in investments

By Francesca Landini, September 19, 2026

  • Summary
  • Companies
  • First SMR to be built in France, with another expected in Italy
  • EDF says 10-reactor project would require tens of billions of euros in investment
  • Nuward reactor is expected to produce 400 megawatts of power and heat

MILAN, Sept 18 (Reuters) – France’s EDF plans to build 10 small modular nuclear reactors (SMRs) in the European Union by 2035 under a project aiming to help the bloc reduce its dependency on fossil fuel imports, an EDF executive said on Friday.

The state-owned French power group plans ​to use a technology developed by its NUWARD subsidiary for the SMRs, EDF Senior Vice President ​Vakisasai Ramany said at an event hosted by its Edison unit and attended by ⁠Italian companies that will be part of the supply chain.

The first SMR is due to be built in ​France with another expected to be located in Italy with assistance from Edison (EDNn.MI), opens new tab and potential support from energy ​contractor Saipem (SPMI.MI), opens new tab and construction group Webuild (WBD.MI), opens new tab among others.

Ramany added that EDF was also in discussions with governments over the possibility of building some of the small nuclear plants in Poland, Belgium and Finland.

CATCHING UP ON SMALL MODULAR REACTORS

EDF, Europe’s largest nuclear power ​developer, is rushing to catch up with the United States and others that already have plans in place ​to start manufacturing by the end of the decade.

The French group was originally planning a more ambitious reactor project. But design ‌issues ⁠and fears of delays and cost overruns prompted a rethink and switch to a simpler, more proven technology.

“It is not the best technology that hits the market, it is the technology that addresses as best as possible a number of expectations,” Ramany said.

NUWARD SMR TO PRODUCE POWER AND HEAT

NUWARD’s small reactor is expected to produce ​400 megawatts of power and ​have the flexibility to ⁠deliver heat too, making it suited to providing stable baseload power for industry.

Ramany said the entire project would require “tens of billions” of euros in investments and added that ​construction of 10 reactors would help to spread the costs and be more ​efficient.

“The targeted cost ⁠for electricity (from NUWARD SMRs) is about €100 ($115) per megawatt hour … We are talking about dispatchable energy, which should not be compared with the cost of renewable energy, but rather with gas generation,” said Edison CEO Nicola Monti.

Italy’s government is ⁠expected to ​give its final approval next week to a law on ​nuclear power generation, opening the way to nuclear power stations in a country that banned them almost 40 years ago following a referendum.

September 24, 2026 Posted by | France, Small Modular Nuclear Reactors | Leave a comment

Reactors shut by a handfull of jellyfish

A 900-megawatt reactor on the French coast came off the grid at four in the afternoon and a second one overnight, both shut by hand before returning jellyfish could pack the seawater screens and trip them, and both were back inside four days against twenty for the last swarm

Luis Reyes, Auto Notion 14th Sept 2026

An automatic reactor trip is the safety system doing its job, and it’s arguably the most expensive way to solve a problem. The unit drops off the grid in seconds, and then you spend the next several days walking it back up to full power while somebody writes the report explaining why.

So when the jellyfish came back to Gravelines in late August, nobody at the plant sat around waiting for that. At about four in the afternoon on Wednesday, August 26, local time, the crew shut unit 3 down themselves and dialed unit 2 back while they were at it. Overnight they did the same thing to unit 6 and reduced unit 1 too. EDF says it’s all preventive.

So you had a 5,400-megawatt site with nothing running at full power. Units 3 and 6 were off, units 1 and 2 were loafing along at reduced output, unit 4 had been down since August 10, and unit 5 was partway through its ten-year inspection.

If that sounds like a first for Western Europe’s largest nuclear plant, it isn’t.

The same site went to zero output for about ten days last August, and during the first swarm this month the last reactor still running flat out got throttled as well. What’s new is who pushed the button. It’s also been that kind of summer for the operator, which has already spent it idling inland reactors because the rivers beside them ran too warm.

Gravelines drinks the North Sea

If you’ve never looked at how a coastal plant gets its cooling water, it’s simpler than you’d expect. Gravelines doesn’t sit on a river. It pulls seawater from a canal connected to the North Sea, and everything that water carries hits two stages of screening before it reaches the condensers: coarse bar screens at the front, which EDF calls prégrilles, and rotating drum filters behind them. Pack those drums and the flow drops. Let it drop far enough and the protection system takes the unit off the grid for you, ready or not.

So why not let them trip?

A trip is a hard stop. Control rods drop, steam gets dumped, and the plant has to be checked over and lined back up before anyone talks about restarting. Taking a unit down on purpose gets you to the same place more slowly and leaves a shorter list of things to look at afterward. EDF hasn’t spelled that reasoning out, so I’m inferring it, but the restart times back it up.

Unit 3 gives the cleanest comparison, because it went down in both swarms for the same reason. On August 10 it tripped itself at 7:43 in the evening and didn’t come back until 3:55 in the morning on August 18, a bit over seven days. On August 26 the crew took it down deliberately and it was back at 2 a.m. on August 30, about three and a half days. That’s the same reactor and the same cause, and it cost half as much time………………………….
https://www.autonocion.com/us/reactors-shut-by-hand-jellyfish-four-days/

September 19, 2026 Posted by | environment, France | Leave a comment

Cigéo Nuclear Waste Project Receives Favorable Opinion With Two Reservations

The inquiry commission on Cigéo, a deep geological storage project for nuclear waste at Bure, issued a favorable opinion with two reservations concerning parliamentary oversight and storage reversibility.

www.nuclearwastewatch.ca, September 15, 2026—energynews

The inquiry commission examining the Cigéo project issued a favorable opinion in August on the application for a creation authorization, filed by France’s National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra). The public inquiry, opened in May and closed on July 16, gathered 3,166 contributions, according to Andra………………….The inquiry commission examining the Cigéo project issued a favorable opinion in August on the application for a creation authorization, filed by France’s National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra). The public inquiry, opened in May and closed on July 16, gathered 3,166 contributions, according to Andra.

A site 500 meters underground, service targeted for 2050

The project involves storage in a deep geological layer roughly 500 meters underground, in the Bure area, on the border between the Meuse and Haute-Marne departments. The facility is meant to receive, starting in 2050 if authorized, about 83,000 cubic meters of radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, whose hazard is expected to persist for several hundred thousand years. Andra filed the authorization application in January 2023.

The five members of the inquiry commission attached two reservations and two recommendations to their favorable opinion. The first reservation calls for strengthening parliamentary oversight of the pilot industrial phase, particularly regarding its limits in time and space. The second concerns follow-up reviews dedicated to storage reversibility, a principle embedded in the project’s legal framework. The commission also recommended that the question of municipal taxation be settled before the authorization decree is signed, a point concerning

the fiscal benefits applicable to host territories that remains not yet definitively set in the official economic assessment.An industrial cost revised to €33.36 billion.

The French state fixed, by decree of March 30, 2026, Cigéo’s reference industrial cost at €33.36 billion at 2025 economic conditions, compared with €25 billion in the assessment retained in 2016. According to the public information center dedicated to Cigéo, this amount excludes taxation, and €9.7 billion covers the initial construction phase through commissioning. The same public framework puts the overall cost, including studies, construction, operation and closure, at €37 billion, with taxation provisionally maintained at €3.7 billion at 2025 conditions. The costs are to be borne by nuclear waste producers through their long-term provisions.

Cigéo remains contested by local and environmental associations, in a debate that has run for more than three decades over the fate of the most radioactive nuclear waste. The commission nonetheless considers that the project “enjoys an undeniable democratic and legal legitimacy.”

The file’s fate now rests with the government

The commissioners consider that the uncertainties, gaps and shortcomings identified by opponents can be resolved by Andra during the pilot industrial phase, under the oversight of France’s Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Authority (ASNR). This assessment leaves the government free to pursue the authorization process, once the report, conclusions and required administrative opinions have been submitted.

September 18, 2026 Posted by | France, wastes | Leave a comment

France’s 47 Rafale F5s Will Carry Hypersonic Nuclear Missiles, Command Stealth Drones

France is preparing at least 47 Rafale F5 fighters to carry the ASN4G hypersonic nuclear missile, command stealth combat drones and penetrate advanced air defences by 2035.

(DEFENCE SECURITY ASIA  Sep 7, 2026) — France plans to field at least 47 Rafale F5 fighters by 2035, creating a nuclear-certified combat fleet designed to penetrate advanced air defences, command stealth drones, and preserve sovereign strike options as Europe’s future airpower architecture fractures.

The programme converts Rafale from a networked 4.5-generation fighter into an airborne command node integrating the ASN4G hypersonic nuclear missile, enhanced sensors, digital electronic warfare, resilient connectivity, and manned-unmanned teaming for contested operations through the 2040s.

Under the revised 2024–2030 Military Programming Law adopted in July 2026, France targets at least 47 aircraft built or upgraded to F5 standard within a wider 225-aircraft combat fleet comprising 185 air-force and 40 naval fighters.

The figure represents a minimum F5-standard inventory rather than a discrete order for 47 newly manufactured jets, because existing airframes may be upgraded while approximately 20 previously scheduled F4 deliveries shift from 2031–2032 into 2033–2034 production slots.

That industrial rescheduling makes nuclear readiness, rather than conventional fleet expansion, the programme’s decisive pacing requirement, since Rafale F5 must integrate ASN4G by 2035 while maintaining sufficient aircraft availability across land-based squadrons and France’s carrier aviation force.……………………….

France prioritises the Strategic Air Forces for F5 deployment, but naval Rafale M aircraft must eventually share the standard, enabling nuclear and conventional missions from Charles de Gaulle and later the future PA-NG carrier without dependence upon allied aircraft.

This force posture matters beyond France because the F5 combines national nuclear command authority with forward-deployment potential, giving Paris a more visible European signalling instrument while remaining outside NATO’s American B61 nuclear-sharing arrangements and associated operational dependencies

The accompanying stealth combat drone provides the battlespace mechanism behind that posture, penetrating defended airspace, stimulating hostile radar emissions, supporting suppression or destruction of enemy air defences, and transmitting targeting information while the crewed Rafale remains farther from concentrated threats.

However, public information leaves important uncertainties unresolved, including the drone’s final size, funding trajectory, production quantity, control architecture, conformal-tank adoption, sensor performance, and whether every proposed F5 capability will reach operational maturity simultaneously by the stated 2035 objective.………………………………………………………………….. https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/france-47-rafale-f5-asn4g-hypersonic-nuclear-missile-stealth-drones/

September 10, 2026 Posted by | France, weapons and war | Leave a comment

Newcleo-Led Consortium Chosen For French Project On Floating Nuclear Power Plants

By David Dalton, 27 August 2026, https://www.nucnet.org/news/newcleo-led-consortium-chosen-for-french-project-on-floating-nuclear-power-plants-8-4-2026

Maritime sector a ‘largely unexplored opportunity’ for reactor industry

A consortium led by France-based advanced reactor and nuclear fuel company Newcleo has been selected to take part in a project supporting the decarbonisation of the French maritime sector.

The project, managed by France-based investment bank Bpifrance and named “n-Floating”, aims to demonstrate the relevance and technical feasibility of an innovative floating nuclear power solution, consisting of a non-self-propelled floating unit housing multiple Newcleo-developed LFR-AS-200 reactors, each offering an electrical output of 200 MW.

The consortium brings together Newcleo, Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore, a leading classification society, and ABMI Groupe, a French engineering company with expertise both in maritime and nuclear sectors.

The project has been awarded almost €1m ($1.1m) in funding under the programme.

Work has already begun and is expected to run for approximately 18 months.

“Maritime deployment of advanced reactors opens a broader and still largely unexplored market for nuclear energy” said Newcleo chief executive officer Stefano Buono.

“Floating nuclear offers an opportunity to bring reliable, low-carbon power to applications at sea and in coastal locations.”

Newcleo said the project aims to develop a standardised, deployable and competitive solution for low-carbon energy generation at sea and in coastal locations.

The initial phase of the n-Floating project will focus on conceptual studies for a nuclear barge, assessing its potential to deliver reliable, low-carbon and competitive energy across a range of applications. These include supplying isolated regions, ports and associated industrial hubs, and coastal areas, as well as supporting energy-intensive applications such as desalination and the production of low-carbon fuels.

The project will also define the subsequent development programme and roadmap towards potential industrial deployment by 2036, with the ambition to design and build the solution in France.

August 31, 2026 Posted by | France, Small Modular Nuclear Reactors | Leave a comment

Jellyfish close down France’s largest nuclear reactor

August 28 2026 , https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/9339000/jellyfish-close-down-frances-largest-nuclear-reactor/

Reactor units at France’s largest nuclear power station in Gravelines have once again been shut down due to an influx of jellyfish.

A spokeswoman for the French operator EDF said on Thursday more than 200 metric tonnes of jellyfish had appeared since last night.

Two of the six reactor units have been completely shut down as a precautionary measure to “ensure that this situation has no impact whatsoever on the safety of (EDF’s) facilities.”

EDF said the jellyfish are appearing in the area of the filter systems at the seawater pumping station.

Consequently, no reactor units are currently in full operation, as two other units are being run at reduced power, and the remaining two have also been shut down, partly due to a maintenance inspection.

The jellyfish disrupted operations in the middle of the month and in August last year.

The Gravelines nuclear power station has set up monitoring systems to detect and manage large-scale jellyfish gatherings at an early stage, EDF added.

The EDF spokeswoman explained that support for this had been provided, among others, by the organisation France Pêche Durable (France Sustainable Fishing).

Seven boats are operating round the clock near the nuclear power station to catch the jellyfish and then release them further out to sea.

The spokeswoman stated that it was not yet possible to comment on the causes of the phenomenon.

She added that the plant was working with various partners to gain a better understanding of it.

The spokeswoman said the incident posed no risk to the electricity grid.

Gravelines is one of just under 20 nuclear power stations in France.

It is situated on the northern French coast, roughly halfway between Calais and Dunkirk.

August 30, 2026 Posted by | environment, France | Leave a comment

Drought, heat – and jellyfish: Climate change is causing problems for the French nuclear power plant fleet

 13 nuclear reactors have had to shut down. Solar energy has so far compensated for the loss – at least during the day.

Heat waves and drought have led to the shutdown of several French
nuclear reactors, while strong solar power generation has helped stabilize
the grid. As photovoltaic capacity declines after sunset, battery storage
could help meet the high evening demand and reduce dependence on
electricity generation from gas-fired power plants.

The combined effects of
heat wave and drought have led to the shutdown of 13 French nuclear
reactors by mid-August; this corresponds to 20.4 percent of the country’s
total nuclear power capacity. This is the highest level since 2015, reports
the French news agency AFP. The state-owned energy supplier EDF justifies
the shutdowns with “environmental restrictions” and “external environmental
factors”.

 Focus Online 19th Aug 2026, https://www.focus.de/earth/energie/minus-20-prozent-frankreich-akws-fallen-reihenweise-aus-solar-springt-ein_f45e9bcc-c370-4ea0-8759-c097efb4bcb2.html

August 24, 2026 Posted by | climate change, France | Leave a comment

The shocking story of the Flamanville 3 lid 

Monday, July 6, 2026by Bernard   Laponche , Michel Labrousse, https://global-chance.org/L-effarante-histoire-du-couvercle-de-Flamanville-3

EDF has just announced the arrival on site of the new reactor vessel head for the Flamanville EPR (press release of June 16, 2026  [ 1 ] ). This new head is to be installed during the first comprehensive outage (VC1), scheduled to begin in September 2026 and last 350 days.


Why change the reactor vessel head, the reactor’s key component, two years after the EPR’s first criticality (September 3, 2024), and only five months after commercial operation and the completion of the EPR’s start-up tests?


The failure and rupture of the reactor vessel of an EPR-type nuclear reactor, including its head and bottom, are not assumed in the safety demonstration, in accordance with the “exclusion of rupture” principle; no measures are taken to mitigate the consequences of these events, which are assumed not to occur. Consequently, the quality of the steel and the manufacturing process must be impeccable.


As early as 2005, the French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) alerted EDF (Électricité de France) that the Creusot Forge plant was experiencing serious quality problems. A major beneficiary of the nuclearization of French electricity production, decided in 1974, Creusot Forge saw its activity decline dangerously in the early 2000s, and the rigor of its manufacturing quality was called into question. The instability of the company’s shareholding between 2003 and 2006 only exacerbated the situation. Despite this, Creusot Forge secured the contract for the reactor vessel head and lid for the Flamanville EPR. The ASN’s warnings went unheeded, and breaches of manufacturing procedures and falsification of quality control documents occurred without the ASN’s knowledge.

However, an anomaly in the composition of the steel used in the EPR reactor vessel, particularly the bottom and the lid, was identified as early as 2006 by AREVA. But this did not prevent the manufacture and installation of the vessel. The decision not to postpone the commissioning of the EPR constitutes a scandal covered up by the promulgation of the so-called “ESPN” decree (order of December 30, 2015), which allowed AREVA and EDF to circumvent regulations.


It was only in April 2014 that the French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN) made public the non-compliance of the two components crucial to the safety of the EPR, and it was only through an economic compromise in 2018 that the ASN authorized the commissioning and use of the EPR reactor vessel. The ASN’s decision authorizing the commissioning and use of the defective vessel and lid, stipulating that it be replaced before December 31, 2024 (i.e., after six years of service, since the reactor’s commissioning was then planned for 2018… it will only be effective in 2024) had been preceded by a public consultation.


To demonstrate that the ASN’s decision was unjustified and that the public consultation should be cancelled, Global Chance published a note on September 12, 2018, written by Bernard Laponche, entitled:
COMMENTARY ON THE DRAFT DECISION OF THE NUCLEAR SAFETY AUTHORIZING THE COMMISSIONING AND USE OF THE EPR REACTOR TANK AT THE FLAMANVILLE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT (INB No. 167).
We are republishing Global Chance’s note of September 12, 2018, which remains entirely relevant.


Despite this warning, the ASN’s decision was published on October 9, 2018  [ 2 ] .

When the EPR was officially commissioned on May 7, 2024, by the French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN), some voices called for a postponement until the new reactor vessel head was available and installed. The aim was to delay commissioning by only a few months, a move EDF, driven by political considerations, refused.

The original reactor vessel head is now a significant source of nuclear waste (approximately one hundred tons) whose storage and treatment conditions are uncertain, as neither EDF nor ORANO has provided any reliable information.

August 22, 2026 Posted by | France | Leave a comment

“ We will not capitulate ”: 30 years of battle against nuclear waste.

Reporterre 15th Aug 2026,
https://reporterre.net/Nous-ne-capitulerons-pas-30-ans-de-bataille-contre-les-dechets-nucleaires

Opponents of radioactive waste gathered near Bure for a weekend under heavy security. It was an opportunity to reiterate their opposition to the Cigéo project, whose problems threaten to become a defining feature of this century.

This weekend, in a field in Saint-Amand-sur-Ornain (Meuse), about fifteen kilometers from Bure, people will be discussing nuclear waste, listening to lectures and concerts, watching films, and, above all, saying no again. From August 14 to 16, 
the fifth edition of the Bure’lesques festival brings together opponents 
of the Cigéo project , this gigantic facility that the French government and the National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management (Andra) want to dig 500 meters underground to bury the most dangerous radioactive waste produced by France’s nuclear power plants.

The festival will be held under close surveillance. Two decrees issued on August 4 by the prefect of the Meuse have established a particularly wide police presence: prohibitions on transporting various materials, such as wood, pyrotechnic objects or elements to conceal one’s face, restrictions on alcohol, but also the capture and recording of images by two drones and a gendarmerie helicopter.

Read also: ”  We’ve lost a battle but not the war  “: how anti-nuclear activists are continuing the fight

Around forty individuals and fifteen organizations, including the Human Rights League, the French Lawyers’ Union, and the anti-nuclear network Sortir du nucléaire, filed an emergency appeal with the Nancy Administrative Court, denouncing a disproportionate measure and yet another attempt to criminalize opposition to the Cigéo nuclear waste repository project. According to the plaintiffs, some of the restrictions covered 23 municipalities and approximately 300 square kilometers, even though the festival takes place in a field  !

On August 12, the administrative court ruled in their favor on only one point: the use of sound equipment would be permitted. This is the bare minimum for a festival. For the rest, the court determined that the use of drones and a helicopter was not ”  manifestly disproportionate ,  “ given the context surrounding the Cigéo protests.

”  We will not surrender  .”

This only reinforces the feeling among opponents that they are being monitored far beyond their weekend activities. In Bure, the confrontation with the state is nothing new. For nearly thirty years, public meetings, legal appeals, demonstrations, occupations, prosecutions, and police checks have accompanied the project. Generations of activists have now followed one another in the face of an industrial project whose timescale is an invitation to despair.

Reporterre has long followed this battle, documenting both the moments of jubilation and victory, as well as its brutal repression. In the 2000s, opponents bought an old farmhouse to build a “house of resistance,” creating a permanent residence and a focal point for anti-nuclear struggles. In 2013, the boycott of the public consultation gave new impetus to the fight, and then in 2016, the occupation of the Lejuc forest stalled the project for nearly two years. Before the numerous lawsuits and the criminal conspiracy charges attempted to stifle the struggle. Since then, the mobilizations have continued, and the opponents are still searching for a way to block the project.

“  The mindset is to keep fighting ,” assures Corinne François, a member of the Burestop collective, which co-organizes the festival with a myriad of associations. “ This edition is important; we are in a pivotal year: the decision to authorize creation ( DAC ) could be granted at the end of 2026/2027.  ”

”  The mindset is to keep fighting  .”

“ 
 We will not capitulate , 
 ” insists Régine, from the Stop Cigéo coordination, who boasts over thirty-five years (!) of activism. Almost a lifetime spent reminding everyone that this monumental project is a one-way ticket to nuisances 
“ for all eternity”
  . 
” Residents need to understand that as soon as Andra obtains its authorization, work can begin immediately, starting with the clearing of the Lejuc forest. Massive construction projects are on the horizon. ”


If Cigéo is built, its operation must last at least a century. Then the repository will be closed to isolate substances from the biosphere, some of which will remain hazardous for hundreds of thousands of years. Here, time no longer has quite the same consistency as elsewhere. The site’s security will have to become passive: it’s impossible to rely indefinitely on technicians, a state, institutions, or even a civilization to monitor the tunnels. But to get to that point, the project must first be completed.

This is the dizzying feeling that pervades the struggle in Bure. Those who oppose the project today know they will never see its end, should it be completed. The construction site would span generations, and the waste would still be there long after borders, languages, and landscapes have changed.

A decisive step

The project has reached a crucial stage. In January 2023, Andra submitted its application for authorization to create the facility. After nearly three years of review, the Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Authority ( ASNR ) issued a generally favorable opinion at the end of 2025 , concluding that Andra possessed a sufficient knowledge base to proceed with the application, while requesting several additional items (more than 40 in total). The public inquiry was held from May 18 to July 2, 2026 .

The government can now prepare the decree for the Council of State authorizing—or not—the creation of Cigéo. 
“ If Andra obtains the authorization request, it will be based on an iterative process, meaning one that will evolve over time ,” fumes Corinne François.“ 
This is unique in the world. Major projects are budgeted today. Here, it’s complete chaos: they’re going to allocate 7 billion euros for the pilot phase. Then, it’s up to future generations to solve the problems that will arise. “

The two organizations are questioning, among other things, the criteria for declaring an experiment a failure. At what point does a malfunction, a difficulty in retrieving a package, or a deviation from the established models lead to a decision to stop 
 ? Because problems are likely to become commonplace this century. 
” 
 We can imagine what could happen in 150 years, particularly with climate change, political systems, and so on, 
 “ adds Bernard Laponche.
 

This is perhaps where technology and politics intersect. Cigéo is officially presented as a reversible project: future generations must be able to modify the choices, retrieve waste packages, or change the strategy. 
” But the more billions of euros are spent, the more kilometers of tunnels are dug, and the first waste materials are brought down, the more difficult it becomes to reverse course ,  “ says Bernard Laponche.

Under the big tops of the Bure’lesques, behind the acronyms, the cells and the clay, it is ultimately this question that has returned for thirty years: at what point does an experience become a fait accompli 
 ? And how to keep the drive to fight against it 
 ?

August 20, 2026 Posted by | France, opposition to nuclear | Leave a comment

One-fifth of France’s nuclear capacity offline due to extreme weather and jellyfish

In total, 13 of the 57 reactors in EDF’s nuclear fleet were affected, resulting in a more than 20% shortfall in nuclear power production capacity, a record deficit.

Le Monde with AFPP, August 12, 2026, https://www.lemonde.fr/en/energies/article/2026/08/12/one-fifth-of-france-s-nuclear-capacity-offline-due-to-extreme-weather-and-jellyfish_6756421_98.html

France on Wednesday recorded a more than 20% shortfall in nuclear power production capacity, a record deficit caused by environmentally related outages linked to drought, extreme heat and a jellyfish invasion. France uses nuclear power to generate around 70% of its electricity. The country has seen nuclear power production disrupted by multiple heatwaves and droughts this year.

According to Agence France-Presse (AFP) calculations based on data published by energy group EDF since 2015, 20.4% of generating capacity was unavailable. Between 9:45 am and 10:00 am, EDF’s nuclear fleet recorded a new peak in outages due to “environmental constraints” or “external environmental causes,” both in terms of the number of reactors shut down or operating at reduced output and in terms of lost generating capacity.

In total, 13 of the 57 reactors in EDF’s nuclear fleet were affected. Eight reactors were completely shut down while five were operating at reduced power. Much of the lost nuclear generating capacity was due to full or partial shutdowns at five of the six reactors at the Gravelines nuclear power plant after a swarm of jellyfish clogged pumps used to cool the units.

Experts say overfishing, plastic pollution and warming seas due to climate change have created conditions allowing jellyfish to thrive and reproduce. Outside the Gravelines plant, the largest in Western Europe, the shutdowns or production reductions affecting other reactors are linked to extreme heat and droughts, depriving the plants of the water they need for cooling.

August 17, 2026 Posted by | climate change, environment, France | Leave a comment

Major nuclear power station shut down by millions of invading jellyfish

The massive Gravelines nuclear power plant just 30 miles from Britain has been forced to close down in order to avoid disaster after a swarm of jellyfish got sucked into the cooling system on Monday

Joe Smith News Reporter, 11 Aug 2026, https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/nuclear-plant-millions-invading-jellyfish-37540444

Western Europe’s biggest nuclear power station has been shut down after it was invaded by millions of jellyfish.

EDF’s Gravelines plant near Dunkirk, just 30 miles from Britain, was forced to shut down in order to avoid disaster on Monday as the sea creatures swarmed into the plant.

EDF revealed how the jellyfish had been filter drums at the seawater pumping stations, used to cool the giant nuclear reactors at the heart of the plant.

The company was forced to take emergency measures, with reactors two, three and four taken offline, while output from reactor one was halved.

“This situation has no impact on the safety of the facilities, the safety of our personnel, or the environment,” a statement from EDF said.

Only reactor six was operating at full power on Tuesday, with reactor five previously taken offline for scheduled works.

The jellyfish invasion comes exactly a year after another swarm of the creatures took the French nuclear site offline for two days.

An invasive species of jellyfish, called the Asian Moon Jellyfish, have been making themselves at home in the English Channel and North Sea in 2020.

The species, usually native to the Pacific, is thought to have been brought here in the ballast tanks of supertankers and dumped into the seas around France and Britain.

Nuclear plants in China, Japan and India, which also rely of seawater for cooling, have previously been thrown into chaos by the slimy sea creatures. And last year power production at Gravelines came to a standstill after the jellies caused chaos.

The plant installed cameras monitoring the seawater intake and filters after last year’s fiasco and set up a warning system to give advanced notice of swarms heading their way.

The system saw fishing boats sent out of saturday with trawler nets in an attempt to thin the numbers of the invasive jellyfish. This helped to limit the latest invasion, the engineer said.

Meanwhile vacuum trucks are sucking out the jellyfish already trapped inside the plant. The engineer said that since no new jellies are arriving the plant will hopefully be back on line soon.

August 16, 2026 Posted by | environment, France, safety | Leave a comment

Heat, water shortages, jellyfish: nuclear energy is becoming uncontrollable

while a reactor needs water to dissipate its heat, it cannot turn rivers into scalding baths.

What technological advancements are needed to secure water supplies when a river runs dry ?

 What will the state of the Danube be in 2050, 2070, or even 2100 ?

Heatwaves, droughts, rivers that are too hot or too low: since June, European nuclear power plants have been experiencing numerous power reductions and shutdowns. One question is becoming increasingly difficult to avoid: is nuclear power still manageable in a warming world ?

By 

Laure Noualhat, August 14, 2026 , https://reporterre.net/Le-climat-met-le-nucleaire-europeen-a-sec-Le-nucleaire-rattrape-par-la-question-du

On August 12, shortly before 10 a.m., a fifth of France’s nuclear power plants were offline. Exactly 20.4  % of their production capacity was unavailable due to ” 
 environmental constraints “ or ”  external environmental causes , “ a record since 2015, calculated by AFP using data from EDF .

Thirteen reactors were affected: eight completely shut down, and five operating at reduced capacity. On one hand, rivers were either too hot or too low after five heat waves ; on the other, at Gravelines (Nord), several tons of jellyfish had clogged the water intakes of Western Europe’s largest nuclear power plant. Nuclear power can be controlled, certainly, but it still needs to be cooled.

In Golfech, on the banks of a sweltering Garonne River, the situation has taken on the air of a summer ritual. On August 8, at 9 p.m., 
EDF once again shut down reactor number 2. The Garonne threatened to reach 28°C the following day, the threshold beyond which the power plant must reduce its production or shut down to comply with environmental regulations and avoid harming aquatic life. Since reactor number 1 was already undergoing maintenance, the plant was no longer producing any electricity. The same scenario, to varying degrees, played out at Bugey (Ain), Saint-Alban (Isère), and Tricastin (Drôme), where the Rhône River’s waters, having become too warm, led  EDF to adjust its production.

Because while a reactor needs water to dissipate its heat, it cannot turn rivers into scalding baths. Discharges from power plants are regulated by the Nuclear Safety and Radiation Protection Authority ( 
ASNR ), which sets, for each site, limits on the temperature increase of the watercourse between upstream and downstream, as well as a maximum temperature that must not be exceeded.

What uses will be prioritized as droughts occur ?

This summer, the Bugey nuclear power plant 
was the only French plant to request a temporary modification of its thermal regulations , the  ASNR (  French Nuclear Safety Authority) told Reporterre .  The  Rhône River was already very hot upstream, while  RTE (the Frenchelectricity transmission network operator) demanded that a minimum power output be maintained to guarantee grid security. The Authority therefore agreed to temporarily raise certain limits, but only between July 
10 and 20. This compromise aptly summarizes the dilemma ahead: protecting a river already suffering from the heatwave while preventing the electrical grid from overheating as well.

In Chooz, in the Ardennes region, the problem isn’t the temperature but the amount of water. The Meuse River’s flow rate dropped drastically at the beginning of August. The two reactors were shut down, not because there wasn’t enough water to safely cool the facilities, but to comply with the Franco-Belgian agreement guaranteeing a minimum flow for the various river users. Thus, nuclear power is confronted with a question already familiar to farmers, industrialists, and river conservationists: who has the right to water when it becomes scarce  ? Which uses will be prioritized as droughts continue to occur  ?

Controllable… but not climate-insensitive

Taken separately, each of these episodes seems almost commonplace. 
EDF has long adjusted its power plants’ output during heat waves. In 2003, the utility even sprayed the Fessenheim reactor building with water jets! 
 But their repetition, and especially their simultaneity, changes the landscape. Up to 7.3 gigawatts of French nuclear power were unavailable on August 12 or constrained by the heat and low flow rates. ” This is a record peak in environmental unavailability , 
 “ according to AFP . At the same time, there was a lack of wind in Germany, and air conditioners were running more frequently, which drove up electricity prices.

However, it would be wrong to claim that the nuclear fleet is faltering; it’s simply overheating. It’s actually producing significantly more than during the major crisis of 2022 when 32 reactors were unavailable due to stress corrosion cracking. The real issue lies elsewhere. A nuclear power plant is an enormous thermal machine that must dissipate some of its heat. It can produce electricity without wind or sun, but not without cold water. And this resource, too, is caught up in the whirlwind of climate change.

The Danube is offering a much more stark demonstration this summer. In Hungary, the Paks power plant, which supplies nearly half of the country’s electricity, saw 
its production plummet in early August due to the river’s exceptionally low water level. 

 “A temporary rise in water levels then allowed for the recovery of some production, but the government has announced its intention to re-examine the cooling requirements of the Paks 
II project ,” explains András Kéri of the climate policy institute Energiaklub. ” 
A power plant built today will only be operating at full capacity in the second half of this century… 
 “ What will the state of the Danube be in 2050, 2070, or even 2100 ?
 It’s difficult to say.
 

Further downstream, Romania faces an even more critical situation. The country will shut down its only nuclear power plant on August 13th, for the first time since the 2003 drought, as the Danube’s flow has dropped too low. As early as July 28th, the operator of the Cernavodă site shut down Unit 1 due to a Danube level described as ”  very low and unprecedented” . 
 The intake canal had to be dredged and the riprap blasted to redirect the flow. When the river needs to be reshaped locally to maintain electricity production, climate adaptation is no longer just a chapter in an annual report. Switzerland also experienced this very real future firsthand by reducing the two reactors at Beznau to 50% of their capacity when the Aare River reached the critical temperature of 25°C.

In France and Switzerland, most of these power reductions do not signal a loss of safety and are precisely intended to comply with environmental regulations. In Hungary and Romania, the extreme low water level of the Danube more directly impacts operating conditions. But for the electrical grid, the result is comparable: megawatts considered readily available on demand become slightly less so at the very moment when heat increases certain needs.

And as the Anthropocene knows how to keep things interesting, the Gravelines nuclear power plant has added jellyfish to the mix. On August 10, their massive arrival in the water intakes triggered the automatic shutdown of 3 of the 6 reactors. EDF insisted there was no safety issue . And besides, is this becoming a regular occurrence  ? A similar incident had already happened in August 2025 .

European nuclear power is therefore not collapsing under the heatwave. But this summer is challenging a simplistic way of speaking: ”  controllable  “ nuclear power does not mean ”  insensitive to climate .  “ It depends on it, like everything else.

What about EPR2s

The issue becomes considerably more serious when we look at the reactors currently in the design phase. EDF asserts that it has sized the future EPR2 reactors ”  with regard to heatwave risks  “ by taking into account the IPCC climate scenarios for 2070 and 2100, ASNR told Reporterre . EDF has allocated €8.7 billion by 2040 to adapt its nuclear, hydroelectric, and island activities to climate change , notably through the Adapt project, which aims to assess, plant by plant, their vulnerability to rising temperatures, droughts, and changes in water resources.

In 2023, the Court of Auditors still estimated investments directly attributable to climate adaptation of the nuclear fleet at around €600 million for the following fifteen years. Going from €600 million to €8.7 billion in three years is a gigantic leap  !
The ASNR (French National Agency for Radioactive Waste Management) emphasizes the need to maintain ” margins , “ as tomorrow’s climate may diverge fromprojections. Every ten years,” safety standards must therefore be reassessed, 
 “ and facilities may need to be adapted to higher temperatures. But how, specifically ?
  What technological advancements are needed to secure water supplies when a river runs dry ?
  No one is saying.

To date, nuclear power plants evaporate 833 million cubic meters 
of fresh water per year. While this water is reintroduced into the water cycle, it remains unavailable for other needs (domestic consumption, agriculture, industry, etc.). With the future EPR2 reactors —particularly those located along rivers—this will increase the amount of water drawn from rivers to 
1,232 million cubic meters per year and from the seas to 575 million cubic meters 
per year, according to figures from Global Chance.

August 15, 2026 Posted by | climate change, France, Reference | Leave a comment

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