The Nuclear Regulatory Commission directive on Thursday requires enhancements to systems for venting accumulated pressure from containment structures during an emergency. Vents must also be able to safely handle rising temperatures, hydrogen concentrations and radiation levels.

The changes also aim to ensure that plant personnel can continue to operate vents safely if a reactor core melts down, the agency said.

Plants in the United States were ordered last year by the NRC to take other steps to upgrade their “hardened” venting systems after the 2011 disaster in Japan that crippled three reactors and released radiation into the atmosphere……

U.S. plants covered under the directive are older, boiling-water reactors mainly similar in design to the Fukushima facility…..

The goal for completing venting improvements in the United States is 2014, depending on refueling schedules. Additional steps would take longer, if deemed necessary…..

The directive covers scenarios for structures meant to condense steam generated during an accident and control pressure and for the larger structures that surround the reactor.

The NRC also plans to develop a rule to improve the filtering of radioactive material from any vented gases and to improve procedures for preserving the integrity of containment systems…….

“Venting to protect containment integrity and to mitigate the impact of a serious event is among the long-established training responses that are part of these facilities’ severe accident mitigation guidelines,” according to a statement from the Nuclear Energy Institute, a trade group for the industry.

The organization said the timetable is achievable but it did not provide a cost estimate.

Plant operators may have to spend nearly $3.6 billion over the next three to five years on modifications to the nation’s 102 nuclear facilities in response to the Fukushima accident, according to a Platts survey released on Thursday.

This includes costs for government mandates to handle threats from flooding and earthquakes as well as related engineering studies, Platts, an energy industry information service, said.http://edition.cnn.com/2013/06/06/us/nuclear-reactors-upgrades/