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Deadly wildfires such as those raging in northern and southern California have become more common in the US state and elsewhere in the world in recent years. AFP talked to scientists about the ways in which climate change can make them worse.

Other factors have also fuelled an increase in the frequency and intensity of major fires, including human encroachment on wooded areas, and questionable forest management. “The patient was already sick,” in the words of David Bowman, a professor of environmental change biology at the University of Tasmania and a wildfire expert.

“But climate change is the accelerant.”

Fine weather for a fire  Any firefighter can tell you the recipe for “conducive fire weather”: hot, dry and windy. No surprise, then, that many of the tropical and temperate regions devastated by a surge in forest fires are those predicted in climate models to see higher temperatures and more droughts. Besides bringing more dry and hot air, climate change – by elevating evaporation rates and drought prevalence – also creates more flammable ecosystems,” noted Christopher Williams, director of environmental sciences at Clark University in Massachusetts.

In the last 20 years, California and southern Europe have seen several droughts of a magnitude that used to occur only once a century.

More fuel  Dry weather means more dead trees, shrubs and grass – and more fuel for the fire.   “All those extremely dry years create an enormous amount of desiccated biomass,” said Michel Vennetier, an engineer at France’s National Research of Science and Technology for Environment and Agriculture (IRSTEA).“That’s an ideal combustible.”

Change of scenery  To make matters worse, new species better adapted to semi-arid conditions grow in their place. “Plants that like humidity have disappeared, replaced by more flammable plants that can withstand dry conditions, like rosemary, wild lavender and thyme,” said Vennetier.“The change happens quite quickly.”

Thirsty plants With rising mercury and less rain, water-stressed trees and shrubs send roots deeper into the soil, sucking up every drop of water they can to nourish leaves and needles. That means the moisture in the earth that might have helped to slow a fire sweeping through a forest or garrigue is no longer there.

Longer season In the northern hemisphere’s temperate zone, the fire season was historically short – July and August, in most places. “Today, the period susceptible to wildfires has extended from June to October,” said IRSTEA scientist Thomas Curt, referring to the Mediterranean basin.In California, which only recently emerged from a five-year drought, some experts say there’s no longer a season at all – fires can happen year-round.

More lightning “The warmer it gets, the more lightning you have,” said Mike Flannigan, a professor at the University of Alberta, Canada and director of the Western Partnership for Wildland Fire Science. Especially in the northern areas, that translates into more fires.” At the same time, he noted that 95 per cent of wildfires worldwide are started by humans.

Weakened jet stream  Normal weather patterns over North America and Eurasia depend heavily on the powerful, high-altitude air currents – produced by the contrast between polar and equatorial temperatures – known as the jet stream.  But global warming has raised temperatures in the Arctic twice as fast as the global average, weakening those currents.