The global nuclear industry is clearly getting the jitters
As you notice the spate of worthy articles in worthy journals saying that for climate action, we need new nuclear power, you might think that a mood of optimism now prevails in the nuclear industry.
Not so. Indeed, the very presence of this media hype could well be interpreted as a collective scream of desperation from that industry.
What other industry would decide that it’s necessary to hand out 5000 books (“Climate Gamble”) , in Paris, extolling nuclear as the cure for global warming, while damning the anti-nuclear movement.
Meanwhile, in Cape Town, South Africa, at the Nuclear Supply Chain Conference, delegates were told the dismal facts:
‘the nuclear industry has been “catastrophic” and “counter-productive”
‘Environmental lobby groups like Greenpeace receive tremendous support from religious and civic society groups as well as the general public. Its message is clear: nuclear energy must go.
Andrew Kenny, an independent energy analyst, told delegates that nuclear is “regarded with suspicion, hostility and fear by many people around the world”.’ – Matthew Le Cordeur. News 24 Wire 1 De3c 15
Bill Gates’ ‘Breakthrough Energy Coalition’ is about renewable energy research, but what is needed is renewable energy DEPLOYMENT
Can Bill Gates’ ‘Breakthrough Energy Coalition’ Become Truly Useful?, Climate Progress, BY JOE ROMM NOV 30, 2015, Led by Bill Gates, billionaires like Jeff Bezos and Mark Zuckerberg have announced a new multibillion-dollar “Breakthrough Energy Coalition” at the start of a Paris climate talks. In parallel, 20 countries — including China, India, U.S., Indonesia, and Brazil — are joining “Mission Innovation,” which commits them to double their clean energy research and development funding by 2020.The question is, however, whether the Breakthrough Energy Coalition be tweaked into something truly useful, given that:
- The world needs about 100 times as much money for deployment of carbon-free energy as it does for R&D right now;
- Key developing countries like India are making decisions about building coal vs. carbon-free power right now that could lock in carbon pollution for decades; and
- Genuine technology breakthroughs are exceedingly rare in the energy arena and generally take decades and vast resources to deploy once they do make it to market……
The “Breakthrough Energy Coalition,” however, appears to be overly focused on breakthrough technologies and on a somewhat out-moded notion of the R&D pipeline, arguing “But in the current business environment, the risk-reward balance for early-stage investing in potentially transformative energy systems is unlikely to meet the market tests of traditional angel or VC investors –- not until the underlying economics of the energy sector shift further towards clean energy.”
Well, that obviously isn’t true in such keystone technologies as solar, wind, batteries, and LED lighting, where the underlying economics have already shifted dramatically!
I (and others) have been critical of Gates in the past for his focus on the need for new breakthrough technologies to solve the climate problem, what he calls “Energy Miracles.” Gates has generally downplayed the amazing advances we’ve had in the keystone clean technologies — and been investing in new nuclear power, geo-engineering technologies, and off-the-wall stuff.
And the Breakthrough Energy Coalition continues to tout Gates’ debunked claims about the need for “Energy Miracles,”
So while a boost in cleantech R&D funding is always welcome, what is most needed now is money for accelerated deployment and project financing of technologies that are now market-ready. ……
“In terms of dollars, the real cost is deployment. Globally, deployment costs will be in the trillions of dollars, while R&D costs might be in the tens of billions,” climate expert Ken Caldeira told meback in 2011. “We are talking about the elephant and the mouse.”…..http://thinkprogress.org/climate/2015/11/30/3726419/bill-gates-breakthrough-energy/
Bill Gates’ nuclear dream doesn’t stand up to critical analysis
Germany gives rise to much optimism. With solar resources no better than Alaska, solar power has nevertheless reached nearly 6% of the total electricity mix in the country. Ten years ago, solar power essentially didn’t exist there. In the U.S., the cost of installing solar has fallen from more than $8/watt to less than $3 in the past eight years, the industry has 175,000 working in it — more than twice the number of people that mine coal — and the value of solar installations reached $18 billion last year, according to the Solar Energy Industries Association.
Thiel and Gates are using their megaphones to make different points, but they actually share much in common. Gates is an investor in TerraPower, one of the companies trying to build the kind of advanced nuclear reactor Thiel wants to see the regulatory environment pave the way for. Gates talks up far-out technologies like making fuels directly from the sun, perhaps pulling carbon from the air to do it. Like Thiel’s nuclear, it’s not remotely clear any of this is going to make economic sense and its very unlikely any of it will be useful for a decade or more……..
There are paths to 100% renewable energy using existing technologies and aggressive deployment efforts.
One Tech Billionaire Sees Nuclear As The Path To Clean Energy, But Is He Right?, Forbes, 30 Nov 15
Mark Rogowsky ,
The United Nations climate summit begins today in Paris and already there are headlines. The world’s richest man, Bill Gates, and a slew of his fellow billionaires have announced the Breakthrough Energy Coalition: an effort to take private money to advance promising clean-energy ideas from the lab to the marketplace. Gates suggests wind and solar have made good progress, but given the daunting scale of the challenge ahead, we need to look everywhere we can for promising ideas and develop them as quickly as possible. One thing he doesn’t talk up much is nuclear power, which just days earlier got some very positive words from another tech billionaire, number 234 on the Forbes list, Peter Thiel, who penned “The New Atomic Age We Need” for The New York Times…….
nuclear has established a safety record that argues for a rebirth, right? Perhaps if today were 1979. Unfortunately, the world has changed and nuclear hasn’t changed quickly enough……
The French, however, are set to lower the share that nuclear contributes to 50% over the coming decade. With the average French reactor now three decades old, at least part of the story is economic and technological. Thiel argues that what’s holding back nuclear is: “Designs using molten salt, alternative fuels and small modular reactors have all attracted interest not just from academics but also from entrepreneurs and venture capitalists like me ready to put money behind nuclear power… However, none of these new designs can benefit the real world without a path to regulatory approval.”
What he neglects to mention is that none of these designs are remotely ready to be put into use either. Although molten-salt reactors date back to the 1960s, the current designs haven’t left the research phase. Even in countries like China where U.S. regulatory approval isn’t a gating factor, when the scientists and engineers working on building a production reactor to make power dates like 2032 are tossed around. There are a number of other promising technologies being researched, but still the timeframes for first deployment are all between 2020-30. The U.S. regulatory regime isn’t holding these up, the slow path to development of incredibly complex systems is….. Continue reading
France sets up Europe’s biggest solar farm: it’s cheaper than nuclear power station
New French solar farm, Europe’s biggest, cheaper than new nuclear, Reuters, 1 Dec 15 CESTAS, FRANCE French energy group Neoen on Tuesday inaugurated a 300 megawatt (MW) solar farm, Europe’s biggest, which will produce power at a price below that of new nuclear plants.
Built on a 250-hectare site south of Bordeaux, the plant will provide power for 300,000 people and cost 360 million euros. It will sell power at 105 euros per megawatt-hour (MWh) for 20 years, well below the cost of power from new nuclear power reactors.
“We will deliver power at an extremely competitive price, similar to wind power, and at any rate cheaper than the cost of power from new nuclear plants,” Neoen Chief Executive Xavier Barbaro told reporters on Tuesday…….
Barbaro said the facility’s solar panels are not oriented toward the south, but on an east-west axis, which allows them to produce three to four times more power for the same surface area.
The east-west orientation also allows the panels to produce more power early in the morning and late in the afternoon, which corresponds more closely to French power demand patterns…..
Barbaro said Neoen’s Bordeaux solar plant shows that solar photovoltaic can be highly economical in terms of geographical footprint.
He also said while the solar panels are Chinese made, they make up only a minority part of the investment and that the main costs are related to construction, engineering, cabling and electrical equipment, for which there are many competitive French suppliers.
Neoen has said it aims to install 1,000 MW of capacity by 2017, about half in France.
(Reporting by Claude Canellas; writing by Geert De Clercq, editing by David Evans) http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/12/01/us-climatechange-summit-france-solar-idUSKBN0TK5GW20151201#e7rJbmSSCOht6lPU.97
Is Nuclear Energy the Solution?
BREAKING NEWS: PARIS CLIMATE SUMMIT UNDERWAY, Franciscan Associates, THE CREATION CARE NEWSLETTER December, 2015 December 1, 2015
…….Is Nuclear Energy the Solution?
{The short piece below was a reply by Brian Williams to an article in the New York Times (Nov. 28) that nuclear energy is the key to bridge the gap between fossil fuels and renewables.}
Flawed arguments in every possible way! First off, it’s impossible to build (and fuel!) enough nuclear plants (400 or so at a bare minimum) to replace fossil fuel generated power in the time frame needed to avert catastrophic global warming. This alone rules out nuclear energy as a viable climate solution.
The argument that nuclear power is somehow carbon free is bogus too: mining uranium is certainly not “carbon free” and enriching it is the most energy intensive industrial process around. The energy expended in both these steps is generally fossil fuel energy. Manufacturing the concrete and steel for nuclear plants also generates large amounts of CO2.
Then we have to safely store the high level wastes for far longer than any human civilization has existed thus far, cooling it in the bargain for the first few centuries. How can the author blithely assure us we’ll be able to do this without a hitch, and without using vast amounts of energy? To top it off, the richest uranium ores have pretty much been found already and mined out. We are left with lower concentration ores that require even more energy and environmental degradation to mine and refine. Nuclear power is most definitely not “carbon free”!….https://franciscanassociates.wordpress.com/
The Strange Politics of Global Warming and Nuclear Power
in 2013 and 2014, the top five U.S. nuclear energy companies and NEI spent a combined total of $60.4 million to lobby Congress and federal agencies.
Despite its legitimate urgency, global warming should not trigger a race to build more nuclear power plants. Rather, an upsurge in political momentum is needed to support the rapid rise of renewable energy. Democratic and Republican presidential contenders have failed to clarify their own ideas about the future of nuclear power within our energy mix, and the time is ripe for a meaningful public conversation. Regardless of affiliations and preconceptions, the question of whether to rely on nuclear power in a warming world is too important to ignore
The Curious Politics of Global Warming and Nuclear Power, HP, Charles B. Strozier Professor of History, The City University of New York Kelly A. Berkell Attorney and Research Fellow, Center on 
Terrorism at John Jay College, Dec 15 In the lead-up to the 2016 election, the most formidable candidates vying to serve as our next president have largely avoided the topic of nuclear power. Indeed, they have encountered little pressure to address it even as the Paris climate talks open, with none of the Republican or Democratic debates so far including a single, specific question on nuclear energy. Only one Republican candidate, Chris Christie, and one former Democratic candidate, Jim Webb, broached the subject during the past debates. Christie strongly endorsed nuclear energy, arguing that if we want to mitigate climate change, “nuclear needs to be back on the table in a significant way.” In a subsequent forum across the aisle, Webb essentially agreed.
Bernie Sanders appears to be the only candidate to reject expressly an increased reliance on nuclear power. Continue reading
India’s misguided aim to be a great nuclear power nation
INDIA: Lured into playing the “Great Power” Nuclear Game, Scarry Thoughts, 1 Dec 15 The Paris Climate Conference is on, and India is being recognized as central to the whole thing.
What I learned at the World Nuclear Victims Forum in Hiroshima is that India is on the cusp of a massive nuclear power generation expansion . . .
and that Japan, which is in the midst of a nuclear power disaster (Fukushima), is doing everything it can to export nuclear power plants to India. A “Great Power” Game
As explained by Kumar Sundaram at the forum in Hiroshima, in the post-Fukushima era, the rest of the world is re-thinking nuclear power; India, however, is acting on a very old aspiration that it is just now able to bring to fruition………
Indian hibakusha include the uranium workers of Jadugoda — as documented by the photographer Ashish Birulee, of the Jadugoda Uranium Mine Anti-Radiation Alliance. Moreover, the system of avoiding worker protections at nuclear power plants by using sub-contractors of sub-contractors of sub-contractors mean that all nuclear workers in India are at high risk.
The enormous irony is that now one country — India — is responding to its past subjugation by the Western imperial program with this hugely self-damaging program, and another country that has struggled with its relationship to the Western imperial program — Japan — is doing everything it can to aid and abet. http://joescarry.blogspot.com.au/
Belgium extending life of nuclear reactors – meets with criticism on this, as nuclear no solution to climate change
Belgium extends two nuclear reactors despite criticisms on climate, Global Post, Xinhua News Agency Dec 2, 2015 BRUSSELS, — The Belgian government and the energy company Electrabel agreed to extend nuclear reactors Doel 1 and 2 until 2025, Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel said Tuesday…..
Belgium received the shameful “Fossil of the Day Award” on the very first day of the Paris climate conference from the Climate Action Network (CAN) because of the lack of agreement among different regions of the country, negotiations on the extension of nuclear power plants, etc.
For the international coalition of climate campaign groups, “it is clear, the atom is not a credible solution against global warming,” said the Belgian daily Le Soir……http://www.globalpost.com/article/6697466/2015/12/01/belgium-extends-two-nuclear-reactors-despite-criticisms-climate
German utility RWE splits, in order to deal with costs of nuclear station closures
Germany’s RWE splits to better absorb cost of nuclear plant closures , Reuters, 1 Dec 15
* Nuclear provisions will remain with parent group
* Plans follows spin-off by larger peer E.ON
* RWE shares close up nearly 17 pct
* Utility being advised by Goldman Sachs (Recasts, adds fund manager, details)
By Christoph Steitz FRANKFURT, German utility RWE moved to restructure its businesses to better absorb the cost of nuclear plant closures on Tuesday, sending its shares up nearly 17 percent, their biggest one-day gain in seven years.
To extract funds from its healthier businesses, Germany’s second-biggest utility will hive off its renewables, grids and retail units into a separate entity and sell a 10 percent stake in an initial public offering late next year.
It said it would keep its conventional power generation business, including its remaining nuclear plants and the liability for their shutdown, hoping to avoid a political stand-off over nuclear provisions that led peer E.ON to backtrack on a similar plan.
RWE’s Chief Executive Peter Terium was tight-lipped as to why the group decided to split now, a year after larger peer E.ON said it would spin off power plants, energy trading and oil and gas activities into a separate unit, Uniper.
Analysts, however, said RWE’s plan should ease concerns in Berlin, which has been worried that utilities would not honour the costs of Germany’s policy to close its nuclear plants by 2022. Political pressure forced E.ON to change its plans and take back its German nuclear plants along with the 16.6 billion euros ($17.6 bln) in provisions…….
NUCLEAR EXIT
Squeezed by a decline in wholesale power prices and a surge in renewables, German utilities are struggling to make money operating coal- and gas-fired power plants.
In addition to falling prices, the utilities have suffered from concerns over their ability to come up with as much as 80 billion euros in combined funding to pay for shutting down the country’s nuclear plants by 2022….. http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/12/01/rwe-restructuring-idUSL8N13Q2CP20151201#CbUEEVuQLV8LBJoJ.97
We can get all our electricity from the sun: dispelling the myths from the nuclear lobby
Goodbye fossil fuels, goodbye nuclear. We can ‘Get it from the Sun’ – all of it!, Ecologist Keith Barnham
30th November 2015 New research shows that wind and solar can meet 80% of Germany’s power demand, with biogas and hydropower providing the balance, writes Keith Barnham. And if Germany can do it, so can other countries, many of them even more easily – with no need for fossil fuels or nuclear power. COP21 should raise its ambitions and commit to a 100% renewable electricity future, everywhere.
There is general agreement world-wide that an a 100% renewably powered world would be a desirable objective, and that the renewable technologies are particularly well suited to provide the energy needed in the countries most vulnerable to climate change.
There is also a clear scientific consensus that renewable electricity generators emit the lowest greenhouse gases: at least nine times less than the lowest fossil fuel generators and in some cases 40 times less.
There are, however, powerful lobbies that argue that the renewables are too unreliable; expanding too slowly; and too expensive to supply the world’s electricity needs. Without, that is, significant help from the technologies the lobbyists are paid to represent – be they fossil fuel or nuclear.
Here is the evidence, some of it new and unexpected, that the lobbyists’ arguments at a variance with the realities. Two projects in Germany, under the collective name of Komikraftwerk (combined-power plant) have clearly demonstrated that the reliability objection is a myth. Continue reading
Insurance companies watching as USA Nuclear company seeks to extend life of reactors to 80 years
Aging U.S. Nuclear Plants Pushing Limits of Life Expectancy, Insurance Journal By Jonathan N. Crawford | November 29, 2015 The U.S. is set to become the first nation to decide whether it’s safe to operate nuclear power plants for 80 years, twice as long as initially allowed.
The majority of the nation’s 99 reactors have already received 20-year extensions to their original 40-year operating licenses. Now, operators led by Dominion Resources Inc. want to expand the time frame further, potentially creating a precedent for an aging global fleet at a time when the economics of the industry are undergoing dramatic change.
Dominion said earlier this month it will request an extension from the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, which oversees the industry. The plan has already raised the ire of anti-nuclear campaigners who cite decades of wear and tear on the nation’s reactors, as well as the 2011 Fukushima disaster in Japan.
The NRC will release a draft report next month outlining safety measures needed to extend the time line.
“The reality of life is the risks go up” as plants age, said Dave Lochbaum, director of the nuclear safety project at the Union of Concerned Scientists, a Cambridge, Massachusetts- based advocacy group. “If you don’t respond with more aggressive risk management, then you’re inviting disaster.”
An approval may determine the fate of the world’s oldest nuclear fleet, one that’s being battered by high operating costs, expensive safety upgrades and an abundance of cheap natural gas that’s squeezing profits. If allowed, Dominion’s Surry plant in Virginia would be the first to outlive the average human being in the U.S. with a lifespan of 78.8 years. A final decision won’t come before the early part of the next decade.
Nuclear Retirements
“We are at the forefront,” Tina Taylor, a director at the Electric Power Research Institute Inc., said Nov. 19. “As we demonstrate extending the licenses of plants and continue operating them, it sets a model for how people will do that around the world.”
Corrosion, Leaks
“There are a number of safety issues with pushing these technologies twice beyond their original projected life span,” Tyson Slocum, Washington-based director of energy at Public Citizen, said by phone on Nov. 18. “You’ve seen a number of issues from Davis-Besse to Vermont Yankee where aging components triggered a variety of leaks.”…….http://www.insurancejournal.com/news/national/2015/11/29/390222.htm
Questions on nuclear waste storage: salt more permeable than previously thought?
Oil research on salt permeability raises questions about nuclear waste storage, The Daily Texan, BY CLAIRE ALLBRIGHT, 1 Dec 15 Salt may be more permeable than previously thought, raising questions about whether salt isolates nuclear waste effectively, according to a new study released by researchers at UT.
Soheil Ghanbarzadeh, doctoral candidate in the Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, was the lead researcher and author of a thesis sponsored by Statoil, which set out to analyze if salt serves as a good seal for petroleum. The thesis findings have implications for the nuclear waste industry as well.
Currently, Germany and the United States use salt to trap nuclear waste since it was thought to be impermeable. However, if waste can flow through the brine, there is a possibility the waste can contaminate ground water, spurring a renewed interest in research about salt use. Proposals such as storing nuclear waste under Nevada’s Yucca Mountains, which do not rely on the use of salt as a barrier, have faced political and regulatory hurdles, according to a UT press release. …..
Masa Prodanovic, assistant professor in the Cockrell School of Engineering and Ghanbarzadeh’s co-advisor, said the rock salt permeability may be caused by high pressure and temperatures but also by deformation or stretching of the rock.
“The implications of the findings is that rock salt, for instance, in potential nuclear waste storage repositories, might be more permeable to water than just based on the depth,” Prodanovic said. “So, this new piece of information needs to be considered when assessing the site.”
Marc Hesse, assistant professor in the Jackson School of Geosciences and Ghanbarzadeh’s co-advisor, said more research is needed to determine whether salt should be used in nuclear waste management……http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2015/12/01/oil-research-on-salt-permeability-raises-questions-about-nuclear-waste-storage
Germany expecting nuclear utilities to pay the costs of decommissioning and disposal of radioactive trash
Germany: Utilities Must Shoulder Nuclear Phase-Out Costs http://www.powermag.com/germany-utilities-must-shoulder-nuclear-phase-costs/ 12/01/2015 | Sonal Patel Germany’s nuclear power–producing companies will be able to shoulder the costs of the nuclear phase-out—including costs for decommissioning and the disposal of radioactive waste. That’s according to the country’s Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, as it published the results of a “stress test” on October 10. The government on July 1 reaffirmed that energy companies must bear the costs of dismantling their nuclear plants and concluded in October that reserves set aside by EON SE, RWE AG, Energie Baden-Wuerttemberg AG, Vattenfall AB, and Stadtwerke Muenchen GmbH of €38.3 billion ($41.98 billion) are within various scenarios examined during the stress test.
In the wake of the Fukushima disaster, Germany decreed the phase-out of all its nuclear capacity by December 2022. It shuttered eight reactors in the immediate aftermath of the Japanese earthquake and tsunami, and this June it closed the Grafenrheinfeld plant (Figure 3). Eight reactors remain open.
The government-commissioned study, prepared by auditing company Warth & Klein Grant Thornton AG, breaks down expected costs across five different categories, from dismantling to final storage. It finds that cost estimates made by companies are higher than the international average. Dismantling costs in Germany are estimated by the companies at €857 million ($939 million) per reactor compared to between €205 million ($224 million) and €542 million ($594 million) in other countries. If nuclear plants are dismantled in “an efficient manner,” overall costs could be slashed by about €6 billion ($6.5 billion), the auditors also said.
“We do not consider the scenarios requiring the highest provisions to be likely to materialise, as they are based on the assumption of major losses being incurred by the companies over a long period of time,” Minister Sigmar Gabriel said. Gabriel noted that the Federal Cabinet will soon establish a commission to review financing for the nuclear phase-out to adopt draft legislation on extended liability for the dismantling of nuclear power plants and the disposal of nuclear waste. The results of the stress test will be made available to the commission.
A new nuclear dream: Westinghouse wants its employees to produce new reactor designs
Westinghouse, again, looks for the next generation of nuclear reactors, Power Source, December 1, 2015 By Anya Litvak / Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Westinghouse Electric Co.’s CEO Danny Roderick in January challenged his employees to come up with the next big thing in nuclear energy — the next generation reactor.
It had been a very long time since such words were uttered at the Cranberry-based nuclear company……
No new nuclear reactor has been built in the U.S. on time and on budget, and the overruns haven’t been trivial. That track record, along with cheap and plentiful natural gas and a lack of environmental policy that incentivizes low carbon generation, has held back the nuclear renaissance predicted a decade ago.
Even operating nuclear plants with capital costs far behind them are having trouble competing. A handful are headed for premature retirement.
For that reason, economics and scale are top priorities…….
DOE seeks new ideas for reactors Last month, Westinghouse submitted its proposal to the Department of Energy, which had solicited ideas about advanced nuclear reactors that could be built by 2035. The agency plans to award $80 million to two teams over the next five years, but that depends on Congress’ approval going forward. In the meantime, the department is getting ready to announce the winners of a much smaller opportunity.
Westinghouse hasn’t said yet who else it has enlisted to be part of its team, only that there are more than a dozen entities and that they include universities, national labs and vendors.
A spokesman for the agency said the response has been strong with more than a dozen teams vying for funding. The winners — there will be two, and each will be awarded $6 million — are expected to be announced before the end of the year.
By nuclear standards, that’s a drop in the bucket.
“At one time, there was a fair amount of investment going on in Generation IV,” said Larry Foulke, adjunct professor at the University of Pittsburgh’s Swanson School of Engineering……“A number of nations were working together on these reactors,” he said. “But as with most research activities where you’re studying reactors on paper and not making them,” investment dwindles.
“Generation IV reactors are suffering from a lack of funding worldwide,” he said…..http://powersource.post-gazette.com/powersource/companies/2015/12/01/Westinghouse-again-looks-for-the-next-generation-of-nuclear-reactors/stories/201512010005
France to spend billions on African renewable energy projects
COP21: France to spend billions on African renewable energy projects Guardian, 1 Dec 15
François Hollande tells Paris climate summit that his government will double investments in wind, solar and hydropower to €2bn France plans to spend billions of euros in renewable energy and other environmental projects in its former west African colonies and across Africa over the next five years, President François Hollande said on Tuesday.
Africa produces little of the greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, produced by burning fossil fuels, linked by scientists to rapid climate change. But it is particularly vulnerable to a changing climate, as much of its population is poor, rural and dependent on rain-fed agriculture.
Hollande told a conference on Africa, held as part of climate change talks in Paris, that his government would double investments in renewable energy generation, ranging from wind farms to solar power and hydroelectric projects, across the continent to €2bn between 2016 and 2020……..
African leaders want the biggest polluting nations to commit to financing as part of contributions to an internationally administered Green Climate Fund, that hopes to dispense $100bn a year after 2020 as a way to finance the developing world’s shift towards renewables. http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/dec/01/cop21-france-to-spend-billions-on-african-renewable-energy-projects
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Now until to February 10, 2026 Radioactive waste storage in France: the debate is finally open! How to participate?
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